Cryogenic Propulsion System Design

DURATION: TWO DAYS
COURSE NO.: 5085

New all-cryogenic launch vehicles are being added to the world's stable at a rapid rate. Delta 4, Ariane V, H-2, and others are joining the STS and a number of upper stages in using liquid hydrogen and oxygen propellants. Liquid oxygen is also a key propellant when used with hydrocarbon fuels. Cryogenic (low temperature) propellants have characteristics that require unique design solutions and extended analyses of their behavior. This class, starting from the basis of the instructor's Propulsion Systems for Launch Vehicles course, presents a deeper understanding of cryogenic propellants and how they are used to increase performance. Emphasis is placed on actual hardware and the experience base of Saturn, STS, and DC-S type vehicles. The particular problems of using cryogenic propellants in low-gravity conditions are covered in some detail. Applicability to both expendable and reusable vehicles is discussed. Newer technology including the use of composite materials and densified propellants is also covered.

COURSE MATERIALS:
Include extensive notes and reference materials.

Engineers and designers involved with cryogenic vehicle and ground system design. System, maintainability and safety engineers who wish to increase their background knowledge of the propellants with which they work. Basic knowledge of thermodynamics would be helpful.

Cryogenic rocket engine performance characteristics. Behavior of cryogenic rocket engine performance characteristics. Behavior of cryogenic fluids including boiloff, flow characteristics and thermodynamics. Kinds of vehicle and flight systems needed to safely handle these fluids. Types of components and instrumentation used to control these fluids. Behavior of cryogenic fluids in orbit. Venting, settling, repressurizing and transfer methods.

1. Basic Rocket Performance.
   

   Specific impulse and density impulse. C* and CF. Expansion ratio and mixture ratio studies. Performance comparison to other propulsion options.

2. Cryogenic Propellant Characterisitics.
   

   Boiloff and heating. Two-phase behavior. Heat transfer. Sub and supercritical storage. Safety and environmental issues. Ortho and para hydrogen. Slush and subcooled propellants.

3. Cryogenic Engine Cycles.
   

   Expander, gas generator and staged combustion alternatives. Advantages and disadvantages. Applicable design limitations. Chill and start requirements.

4. Existing Cryogenic Engines.
   

   Performance and weights. Availability and uses. Comparison of American, Russian, European and Japanese designs.

5. Vehicle Systems Performance.
   

   Chilldown, feed systems and engine interface requirements. Venting. Pressurization and ullage control. Design options. Purge requirements.

6. Low Gravity Topics.
   

   Venting and propellant settling. Boiloff and insulation. Propellant control. Chill and repressurization requirements. Debris control.

7. Component Design.
   

   Insulation. Flexibility provisions. Seals, mechanical and bonded connections. Typical components. Leakage, Instrumentation requirements.

8. Ground Systems.
   

   Supply tankage sizing. Quantity distance. Fault diagnosis. Vehicle and engine handling.